What are endotoxins?

Endotoxins are indeed lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that are an integral part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. This structure serves as a critical component of the bacterial cell wall and plays a pivotal role in the bacteria's interaction with the host. When these bacteria die and the cell wall breaks down, endotoxins are released into the host's bloodstream, leading to a variety of immune responses. This release can trigger fever, inflammation, and, in severe cases, septic shock, showcasing the potent biological effects of endotoxins on human health.

Understanding the nature of endotoxins helps clarify their distinction from other types of toxins, such as exotoxins, which are actively secreted by bacteria and typically include proteins with specific enzymatic activities. Moreover, the term "endotoxin" specifically refers to components derived from bacterial structures, distinguishing them from toxins produced by viruses or those that affect the nervous system directly. Thus, recognizing endotoxins as components of Gram-negative bacterial membranes is fundamental when studying microbial pathogenesis and the immune response to infections caused by these types of bacteria.