What is a biofilm?

A biofilm is best defined as a surface attachment of microorganisms embedded in extracellular material. This structure typically consists of a diverse community of bacteria and other microorganisms that adhere to surfaces, both biotic and abiotic. Within the biofilm, the microorganisms are encased in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which the cells secrete. This matrix not only protects the cells from environmental stressors and biocides but also facilitates communication and nutrient exchange among the cells. Biofilms can form on a variety of surfaces, including medical devices and natural environments.

The formation of biofilms has significant implications for both health and industry because they are notoriously resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections and contamination difficult to control. Additionally, their formation plays a crucial role in natural processes, including nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

Understanding the nature of biofilms is essential for developing strategies to prevent and control infections, especially in clinical settings where they can lead to chronic diseases and infection persistence.